Chapter 6
Isaiah see the LORD sitting on a throne in the temple in the year Uzziah died--so 739 B.C.
Present Evil (Judah): 6:1-10
Future Judgment (Judah): 6:11-12
Future Restoration (Judah): 6:13
Apparently, the text of 6:13 is guesswork--it may be in the original or it may have been altered later, even much later (as late as 9th century A.D).
As is, it says that a remnant will return after the destruction of the Temple (not the Jews who went down to Egypt--see Jeremiah 44). This remnant will be a like a tree and this tree itself will be burned down ("felled") leaving only a stump--so only a remnant of the remnant will remain. But this remnant of the remnant (the stump) will be a "holy seed"--so a new and better Israel will grow out of it.
In the time of the Maccabees, you get a remnant of the remnant--only a few Jews remain faithful to the LORD during this time.
Presumably, the new and better Israel that grows out of the holy seed has two components. One component grows out of the part of the remnant that follows Jesus as Messiah in the first century A.D. The other component grows out of the remnant that rejects Jesus as Messiah "until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in" but then finally accepts Jesus as their Messiah--that is what Paul says (Romans 11:25): "A partial hardening has happened to Israel until the fulness of the Gentiles has come in" (11:25; "And they also, if they do not continue in their unbelief, will be grafted in; for God is able to graft them in again" (11:23).
In the Septuagint, there is no mention of a stump, no remnant of a remnant, no "holy seed"--after the remnant that returns is destroyed there is nothing left at all: "And yet there shall be a tenth upon it, and again it shall be for a spoil, as a turpentine tree, and as an acorn when it falls out of its husk" (6:13, tr. Brenton).
For Aquinas on Isaiah 6 (in Latin and English)
Vulgate (in Latin and English)
Haydock's Catholic Commentary on 6:13:
Tithing. The land shall produce its fruits, and people shall bring their tithes, Ezechiel xx. 40. There shall be some left; (chap. i. 9., and iv. 3.; Calmet) though only a tenth part will embrace Christianity. (St. Basil) --- Made. Septuagint, "ravaged." They shall be exposed to many persecutions under Epiphanes, and few shall escape the arms of the Romans, (Calmet) those particularly (Haydock) who shall be a holy seed. (Calmet) --- The apostles were of Jewish extraction, (Haydock) and spread the gospel throughout the world. (Menochius)
See also:
"The post-exilic prophets include Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi and probably Joel...."
https://www.wscal.edu/resource-center/the-prophets-after-exile
"The books written in Jerusalem after the return from the exile, now commonly called post-exilic, are five in number, namely: Ezra, Nehemiah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. We shall speak of them in this order."
https://www.biblestudytools.com/resources/guide-to-bible-study/post-exilic-books.html
We know that in 400 AD the corruption by the Jews in 160 AD of the Genesis (chapters 5 and 11) chronologies in the Hebrew Masoretic text for anti-Christian purposes was complete.
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